Table of Contents
BEST IELTS General Reading Test 240
IELTS GENERAL READING TEST – PASSAGE – 1
IELTS GENERAL READING TEST
READING PASSAGE – 1
The German Shepherd
The German Shepherd is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. According to the FCI, the breed’s English language name is German Shepherd Dog. The breed was officially known as the “Alsatian Wolf Dog” in the UK from after the First World War until 1977 when its name was changed back to German Shepherd. Despite its wolf-like appearance, the German Shepherd is a relatively modern breed of dog, with its origin dating to 1899. As a herding dog, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originaly for shepherding sheep. Since that time, however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police, and military roles and acting.
IELTS General Reading Test
The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60-65 cm for males, and 55-60 cm for females. German Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8+%. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.
IELTS General Reading Test
German Shepherds have a double coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is recessive, and therefore the long-haired variety is rarer. Treatment of the long-haired variation differs across standards; it is accepted but does not compete against standard-coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club. The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a. Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic “saddle” to an overall “blanket”. Rarer colour variations include the sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver, silver, blue, and panda varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows. German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence. In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, Stanley Coren ranked the breed in second place. Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds. German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self-assured. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly. They are not inclined to become immediate friend with strangers. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners.
IELTS General Reading Test
QUESTION 1-7
Complete the fill ups below.
Write no more than TWO WORDS or NUMBERS for each answer
1. The German Shepherd is a contemporary class of dog in spite of its …………… look.
2. Formerly, German Shepherds were used as a ………………….. dog for guiding sheep.
3 The ears of German Shepherds are …………………… when they move about.
4 The ………………….. diversity of German Shepherds are scarce.
5. …………………………… variety of German Shepherd is bases for instantaneous ineligibility in certain shows.
6 German Shepherd is suitable for law enforcement due to its ……………………….
7. German Shepherds, if not properly mingled, can turn out to be ………………… of their region.
IELTS General Reading Test
READ THE TEXT BELOW AND QUESTION 8 – 14
Vacuum Flask
A vacuum flask is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask’s surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacUum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection. Vacuum flasks are used domestically, to keep beverages hot or cold for extended periods of time, and for many purposes in industry. The vacUum flask consists of two vessels, one placed within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two vessels is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection. Heat transfer by thermal radiation may be minimized by silvering flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask’s contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flaskS usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer ocCurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum.
Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers. Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by spacers between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially slash the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface. Several technological applications, such as NMR and MRI machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid helium, and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limíted in this way.
IELTS General Reading Test
Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the vapour-cooled radiation shield and the vapour-cooled neck, both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask. Vacuum flasks are at risk of implosion hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches, or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly. Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminium, or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.
In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if pressure relief valves are not used. Thermal Expansion has to be considered when engineering a vacuum flask. The outer and inner walls are exposed to different temperatures and will expand at different rates. The vacuum flask can rupture due to the differential in thermal expansion between the outer and inner walls. Expansion joints are commonly used in tubular vacuum flasks to avoid rupture and maintain vacuum integrity.
IELTS General Reading Test
QUESTION 8-14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passager
TRUE If the statement agrees with the information.
FALSE If the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this.
IELTS General Reading Test
8. The vacuum flask consists of two well-joined flasks from all the sides.
9. Vacuum flasks reduce heat transfer of the surroundings.
10. There is high amount of vacuum near the neck of the flask.
11. The inserts between the interior and exterior shell offers support to the inner flask in case of sizeable flasks.
12. The spacers between the inner and outer shell of the flask improves its insulation properties.
13. Glass vessels can explode unpredictably under vacuum.
14. Expansion joints are used in tubular vacuum to prevent fracture.
IELTS General Reading Test
ANSWERS ARE BELOW
IELTS General Reading Test
ANSWERS
1. SWITCHES
2. STREAM DATA
3. RETRANSMISSION
4. COAXIAL CABLE
5. SOURCE
6. SELF IDENTIFYING FRAMES
7. MOTHERBOARDS
8. FALSE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. FALSE
11. TRUE
12. FALSE
13. FALSE
14. NOT GIVEN
IELTS General Reading Test